{"id":180,"date":"2022-05-20T03:08:00","date_gmt":"2022-05-20T08:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/?p=180"},"modified":"2022-05-19T17:33:24","modified_gmt":"2022-05-19T22:33:24","slug":"too-little-heterogeneity-histories-theories-and-questions-of-social-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/2022\/05\/20\/too-little-heterogeneity-histories-theories-and-questions-of-social-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"Too Little Heterogeneity?: Histories, Theories and Questions of Social Justice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Row X blog guest post by <a href=\"https:\/\/coaa.charlotte.edu\/people\/lynne-conner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lynne Conner<\/a>, Chair and Professor at the Department of Theatre at University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>This is the first in a series on Row X featuring short essays written by the co-editors of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Routledge-Companion-to-Audiences-and-the-Performing-Arts\/Reason-Conner-Johanson-Walmsley\/p\/book\/9780367470753\"><em>Routledge Companion to Audiences and the Performing Arts<\/em><\/a><em>, <\/em>a major reference work published in April 2022. The series is introduced <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/?p=254\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<br>The Companion represents a truly multi-dimensional exploration of the inter-relationships between audiences and performance. Spread over four sections and featuring the research and thinking of sixty international contributing authors, the volume considers audiences contextually and historically, through both qualitative and quantitative empirical research, and places them within current conversations in the field of audience research. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image.jpg?resize=180%2C256&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-187\" width=\"180\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?resize=719%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 719w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?resize=211%2C300&amp;ssl=1 211w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C1093&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?resize=1079%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1079w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?resize=1438%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1438w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image-scaled.jpg?w=1798&amp;ssl=1 1798w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The chapter \u201cEthics in Audience Research: By the Book or on the Hop?\u201d by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deakin.edu.au\/about-deakin\/people\/katya-johanson\">Katya Johanson<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deakin.edu.au\/about-deakin\/people\/hilary-glow\">Hilary Glow<\/a><\/strong> <strong>is available for free to everyone. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Routledge-Companion-to-Audiences-and-the-Performing-Arts\/Reason-Conner-Johanson-Walmsley\/p\/book\/9780367470753#sup\">Follow this link<\/a>, then click<\/strong> <strong>on \u201cOpen access content is available for this title\u201d to access the chapter.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Post your comments and questions to X readers to engage with us about important issues central to audience research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Too Little Heterogeneity?: Histories, Theories and Questions of Social Justice<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>by <a href=\"https:\/\/coaa.charlotte.edu\/people\/lynne-conner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lynne Conner<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p>The audience studies field has long since acknowledged that our research practice should include many histor<strong><em>ies<\/em><\/strong>, many theor<strong><em>ies<\/em><\/strong>, and many analy<strong><em>ses<\/em><\/strong>. The question, then, of why we haven\u2019t managed to produce them at a rate or in a way that adequately reflects the heterogenous and plural nature of performing arts audiences around the globe hovers over Part One of the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Routledge-Companion-to-Audiences-and-the-Performing-Arts\/Reason-Conner-Johanson-Walmsley\/p\/book\/9780367470753\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Routledge Companion to Audiences and the Performing Arts<\/a><\/em> (as it does over the entire volume).<br><br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1.jpg?resize=137%2C182&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-188\" width=\"137\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1-scaled.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1152%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1152w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1-scaled.jpg?resize=1536%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UNCCTheater_20181004_Faculty-Headshots_071-1-scaled.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 137px) 100vw, 137px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption>Lynne Conner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-bottom is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>All seven chapters included in the \u2018Histories, Theories and Questions of Social Justice\u2019 section are focused, in one way or another, on the need for greater awareness over matters of power, equity and inclusion in audience research practices. The authors in Part One argue for the unsettling of the field\u2019s established patterns, habits and assumptions that are, upon reflection, informed by systemic racism, sexism and ableism (overt and subtle) by positing important questions about our methodological and narrative assumptions as audience researchers.<br><br>Here\u2019s a sampling of some of those questions \u2013 many touching on notions of selfhood, identity and power \u2013 that inform the book\u2019s chapters: &nbsp;<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\" id=\"block-d786f8b8-2f0c-4d84-9e19-1a19c52a7e1f\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ellendissanayake.com\/\">Ellen Dissanayake<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 1) exploration of the role of the brain\u2019s two hemispheres in the meaning-making operation, in which she observes that the \u2018arts are mostly mediated in the right hemisphere.\u2019 The problem, she notes, is that because the right hemisphere of our brain \u2018does not \u201cspeak\u201d or use words, Western education tends to dampen our awareness of its capacities or aptitudes, so we don\u2019t pay attention to what it does.\u2019<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncl.ac.uk\/elll\/people\/profile\/helenfreshwater.html\">Helen Freshwater<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 2) application of contemporary nostalgia theory to the historian\u2019s process, reminding us that \u2018we need to stay alert to the possibility that public statements or descriptions of audiences may not always be accurate. Many historical descriptions of audiences have been revealed as exaggeration, half-truth or fabrication upon closer inspection.\u2019 Nostalgia, she writes, is \u2018now recognized as being underpinned and driven by ideological concerns, produced in part by historical moments of uncertainty and change.\u2019<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/coaa.charlotte.edu\/people\/lynne-conner\">Lynne Conner<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 3) consideration of the \u2018persistent positivism\u2019 in quantitative research fields, including audience research. I argue that the notion that quantitative tools (numbers) are somehow objectively a-theoretical or supra-theoretical continues to guide methodologies in a wide range of disciplinary, industry and government operations that rely on statistical analysis. But as political scientist Deborah Stone states in <em>Counting: How We Use Numbers to Decide What Matters<\/em>, \u2018numbers are filled with bias through and through\u2019 (2020, Location 76).<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/germe.centresphisoc.ulb.be\/fr\/user\/251\">Laurie Hanquinet<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 4) interest in \u2018how to account for the fact that [\u2026] very personal experiences cannot be reduced to social structures, while recognizing that they are embedded in these structures.\u2019 Hanquinet describes her process (borrowing from Bernard Lahire) for designing a museum visitor study that allowed her to \u2018infer more clearly what art museum attendance represents in visitors\u2019 everyday lives (a love of art, a quest for new experience, etc.)\u2019 while also acknowledging that visitor tastes are \u2018involved in larger power structures that need to be accounted for.\u2019<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/urban.illinois.edu\/people\/profiles\/jennifer-novak-leonard\/\">Jennifer Novak-Leonard<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 5) observations on emerging data chronicling audiences\u2019 experience of digital venues. She reports, \u2018studies find that people engage most frequently with digital artistic engagements and the least frequently by attending performing arts events or visiting museums.\u2019 These surprising data highlight the gap between the \u2018relevance of these forms of engagement in people\u2019s lives\u2019 and the \u2018level of attention that has been paid to them by large portions of the nonprofit and subsidized arts fields.\u2019<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/pure.roehampton.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/persons\/glenn-odom\">Glenn Odom<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/giriraghunathan\/?originalSubdomain=uk\">Giri Raghunathan<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 6) explication of the Yor\u00f9b\u00e1 notion of a\u1e63\u1eb9, a complex and layered term which \u2018defies easy definition\u2019 but can be understood as both a way to give authority and to exercise that authority. As they define a\u1e63\u1eb9, a participant must have authority in order to perform, but the \u2018presence or absence of this authority is often only visible through the effects of a performance, which often depend on the audience\u2019s reception of the potential authority.\u2019 To have a\u1e63\u1eb9 is to exercise a\u1e63\u1eb9, but a\u1e63\u1eb9 \u2018can only be validated and conferred through its own exercise. Authority requires an audience, but also requires actions on the part of the audience.\u2019<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/doris-kolesch.de\/\">Doris Kolesch<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfb-affective-societies.de\/en\/teilprojekte\/B\/B03\/team_b03\/schuetz\/index.html\">Teresa Sch\u00fctz<\/a>\u2019s (Chapter 7) reflections on how established terms such as \u2018spectator\u2019 and \u2018audience,\u2019 with their roots in visual and auditory perception, neglect \u2018other forms of significant sensory and physical-psychological activity and multi-sensory involvement in contemporary theatre.\u2019 They argue for the use of alternative designations rooted in the immersive theatre community (\u2018visitors,\u2019 \u2018co-players\u2019 or \u2018participants\u2019) because they \u2018undermine the power relations implicit in the term \u201cspectator.\u201d\u2019<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Performing arts research in the time of Corona is full of interesting \u2013 if exhausting \u2013 tension, unease and disruption. But what if, as Jennifer Novak-Leonard suggests, this painful two year (and counting) interregnum has also \u2018generated . . . the need for new information and research on arts audiences and participation\u2019? And what if that need moves our work into a more inclusive research environment by bringing greater equity into our histor<strong><em>ies<\/em><\/strong>, theor<strong><em>ies<\/em><\/strong> and analy<strong><em>ses<\/em><\/strong>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Guest post from Lynne Conner. Highlights of the first section of the Routledge Companion to Audiences and Performing Arts<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,70,10],"tags":[69,66,3,67,7,65,68],"class_list":{"0":"post-180","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-audience-research-literature","8":"category-guest-post","9":"category-introductions","10":"tag-audience-research","11":"tag-ben-walmsley","12":"tag-introduction","13":"tag-katya-johanson","14":"tag-lynne-conner","15":"tag-matthew-reason","16":"tag-routledge","17":"entry"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Square-Routledge-Companion-Cover-Image.jpg?fit=1955%2C1955&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pdmYVE-2U","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/180","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=180"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/180\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":279,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/180\/revisions\/279"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=180"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=180"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.artsjournal.com\/rowx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=180"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}